A Story About Coffee sp.

Coffee Beans Image
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The coffee berry (fruit) consists of 3 parts are an outer layer/skin (exocarp), fruit flesh (mesocarp), endocarp (parchment) and bean (endosperm). The skin of a coffee fruit is very thin and contains chlorophyll as well as the other dye substances. The fruit flesh consists of 2 parts are the outer part which is thicker and harder than the inner part which likes gel or mucus. Then, the part of the fruit that located between the flesh and the bean (endosperm) is called endocarp (parchment). The endocarp is very rigid so that it can benefit as a protector of coffee bean from the mechanical damage that may occur during processing time. The endocarp is also useful for bean protector against the light (sun) and the air that the growing power decreased.

Coffee Fruit Cross Section Image
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The coffee bean contains protein, aromatic oils, and organic acids. The composition of coffee bean depends on types, area, kind, the height of planting land, and planting technique. The coffee berry after the skin removed, the flesh and endocarp obtain a rice coffee that is the dried coffee beans like salted egg and commonly sell and exported. In general, the rice coffee contains water, sugar, fat, cellulose, caffeine, and ash. For more details can be seen in the table below :

Table of the chemical composition of rice coffee

Composisition	Content (%)
Water Caffeine Fat Sugar Cellulose Nitrogen Ash Other Substances (not N)	11.23 1.21 12.27 8.55 18.87 12.07 3.92 32.58

The most important substances which contained in the coffee is caffeine. Although the content is very slight that is 1.21%, caffeine can be functioned as stimulant substances which non-alcoholic, bitter taste, and can be used as medicine. That substance can affect the central nervous system of muscles and kidneys. The impacts of central nervous system are preventing drowsiness, increasing the sense power, speed up thinking, and reducing fatigue.

Coffee Fruit
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The substances which contained in the coffee and that affect coffee quality when drunk are sugar, fats, and protein. In the processing stage, the fermentation process can convert sugar into lactic acid and butyric acid. If the acid production is too much, that is caused by overlong fermentation time and affect the odor likes onion. Such things are not desired by the consumer. Therefore, to get coffee that has good quality and favored by consumers then the processing technique which conducted should be as good as possible.

The Types and Characteristics of Coffee :

Arabica Coffee

The characteristics of Arabica Coffee beans are having a bitter taste with high of acidity and its caffeine content is 50% less than Robusta Coffee. Arabica Coffee is a traditional type of coffee with the best taste.
This coffee grows in the tropical or subtropical countries. Arabica coffee grows at an altitude about 600-2000 m above sea level.
This plant can grow up to 3 meters when the condition of the environment is good. The optimum growing temperature is about 18-26 Degrees Celsius.
The yields of coffee beans are small enough and green to red color.
The Arabica Coffee has a rich taste compared to Robusta Coffee.

Robusta Coffee

Robusta Coffee beans are commonly called the 2nd Grade type of coffee beans.
The Robusta Coffee flavor characteristic is a slightly acid flavor or possibly no acidic at all and then it contains much more caffeine compared to Arabica Coffee.
Robusta has a sweet aroma. It feels mild/ soft.
Robusta Coffee was first discovered in Congo 1898.
Robusta Coffee can be regarded as a 2nd grade Coffee. It's because of the scope of Robusta Coffee growing land is wider than Arabica Coffee that must be grown in a certain area/height. Robusta Coffee can be grown at an altitude of 800 m above sea level.
This type of coffee is stronger against pests and diseases. Therefore, this makes the price of Robusta Coffee is much cheaper than the Arabica Coffee.

Excelsa Coffee

The predominances of Excelsa Coffee are that it has a very strong and dominant taste and aroma, has a greater physical characteristic of coffee beans than Arabica Coffe/Robusta, tends to bear fruit throughout the year, very easy to cultivate, and relatively resistant to pests.
The other advantages are that it can be grown on peatlands that have low fertility that can not be planted either Arabica or Robusta Coffee.
This type of Excelsa Coffee less known, because it is very rare to cultivate.
Excelsa Coffee can be grown in low and humid lands (on peatlands)
In Indonesia can be planted in Jambi, Sumatera Island.

Liberica Coffee

Liberica Coffee is a type of coffee originating from the State of Liberia, Western Africa.
This coffee can grow up to 9 meters.
In the 19th century, this type of coffee come to Indonesia which means to replace Arabica Coffee that easily attacked by pests and diseases.In the past, a type of Liberica Coffee was cultivated in Indonesia, but now it has been abandoned by Indonesia coffee farmers with the reason is the weight of dry coffee beans is only 10% of wet coffee weight.
The characteristics of Liberica Coffee beans almost same as the Arabica Coffee, but Liberica Coffee are more resistant to pests Hemelia vastatrixi compared to Arabica Coffee.
The several varieties of Liberica Coffee were ever brought to Indonesia including Ardonian and Durvei type.
The characteristics of this coffee are the size of leaves, branches, flowers, coffee fruit and coffee trees larger than Arabica Coffee/Robusta Coffee.
Liberica Coffee type including forest plants are widely found in the interior of Borneo and has to be a traditional drink Dayak tribe.

Cona Coffee

Cona Coffee beans are the most expensive coffee beans between Robusta and Arabica. It is only grown and produced in the volcanic land Hawai, America.
Cona Coffee is a coffee with very high caffeine value.
The Cona Coffee farmers picked fruit with their hands. Since only ripe coffee is picked from the Cona tree, each tree can only 5 times picked per harvest season.
Cona Coffee flavor tends to sweet though without sugar mix.